Abstract
The aim of this research was to evaluate the feasibility for the use of the organisms Lemna minor , Azolla caroliniana , Hyphessobrycon eques , Pomacea canaliculata and Daphnia magna as exposure bioindicators for ethanol (lethal and effective concentration 50% - LC50(I)/EC50(I)). Thus, the following concentrations were used 5.0; 10.0; 20.0; 30.0; 40.0 and 50.0 mg L -1 ethanol on L. minor; 25.0; 50.0; 75.0; 100.0; 150.0 and 200.0 mg L -1 on A. caroliniana ; 0.3; 0.5; 1.0; 2.0 and 3.0 mg L -1 on H. eques ; 0.05; 0.10; 0.20; 0.40 and 0.80 mg L -1 on P. canaliculata ; and 40.0; 60.0; 80.0; 100.0; 120.0 and 140.0 mg L -1 on D. magna . An untreated control was also kept for all organisms, with three repetitions. The increase in the ethanol concentration elevated the electrical conductivity and decreased the water dissolved oxygen and pH. The ethanol LC50 for L. minor and A. caroliniana were 12.78 and 73.11 mg L -1 , respectively, and was classified as slightly toxic; 1.22 mg L -1 for H. eques (moderately toxic); 0.39 mg L -1 for P. canaliculata (highly toxic) and 98.85 mg L -1 for D. magna (slightly toxic). Thus, H. eques and P. canaliculata have showed good potential for the use as ethanol exposure bioindicators on water bodies.
Highlights
The ethanol (CH3CH2OH) is used as fuel for combustion engines, alcoholic drinks and raw material for industry
For L. minor no mortality occurred with 5.0 mg L-1 ethanol; 28.23% mortality occurred with 10.0 mg L-1; 43.75% with 20.0 mg L-1; 57.29% with 30.0 mg L-1; 88.54% with 40.0 mg L-1 and 100% with 50.0 mg L-1 (Figure 1)
Lemna minor exposed to ethanol in this study showed higher sensitivity than paraquat (47.6%), norflurazon (85.5%), flazasulfuran (74.1%) and atrazine (81.7%) in dose 100.0 mg L-1 (Frankart, Eullaffort, & Vernet, 2003)
Summary
The ethanol (CH3CH2OH) is used as fuel for combustion engines, alcoholic drinks (beer, wine and cachaça) and raw material for industry (perfume, cleaning products, paints, solvents, among others). The cited uses are related to both main ethanol properties: flammability and water solubility (Ferreira, Oliveira, & Duarte, 2004; Bastos, 2007). The river system stands out for being cheaper than roads and rails, for decreasing the trucks flow on the roads and the reduction of gas emission (CO2 and CO) (Costa, 2004). There are important concerns about the use of waterways for the ethanol transportation, especially about possible environmental impacts caused by direct ethanol contact on water bodies due to hull breaches on the ships, which may harm the aquatic environmental.
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