Abstract
Monoxenic cultures of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in transformed roots have been used to better understand the symbiosis with these fungi, but few species have been successfully established in vitro. The object was to establish monoxenic cultures of Gigaspora decipiens and Glomus clarum and to verify the effects of temperature and pH on spore formation. Cultures were established from superficially disinfested spores that were germinated on an agar and water. After germination, the spores were transferred to Petri dishes containing transformed carrot roots. After 4-6 days formed newly formed spores and structures typical. The effects of temperature (22, 25, 28 or 32°C) and pH (4.0, 4.5, 5.5 or 6.5) on the production of spores were assessed over three months, resulting in sigmoidal growth curves. The spore increased from 22°C, reaching higher values 28oC and 32oC there was a reduction in the production. The highest spore production of G. decipiens occurred in a pH of 6.5, whereas for G. clarum was pH of 4.0. The cultivation of other species is still necessary to elucidate particular aspects of the symbiosis that so far are unclear, including the effects of environmental factors on the production of spores of different AMF species.
Highlights
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligatory symbionts that colonize the roots of approximately 80% of terrestrial plants, improving their nutrition, growth and disease tolerance (SMITH; READ, 2008; ELSEN et al, 2008)
Agronomy techniques based on Agrobacterium rhizogenestransformed roots and untransformed roots provide the establishment of the AMF in vitro (BÉCARD; FORTIN, 1988; ADHOLEYA et al, 2005; IJDO et al, 2011)
Monoxenic cultures of AMF enable continuous observations of fungal colonies, and the organization of the mycelium as well as the sporulation steps can be monitored. This technique allows studies that lead to Maringá, v. 35, n. 3, p. 315-323, July-Sept., 2013 better knowledge of mycelium development (BAGO et al, 1998a; MAIA et al, 2010), functional aspects of the symbiosis (DEBIANE et al, 2009), dynamics of sporulation (DECLERCK et al, 2001 and 2004; IJDO et al, 2011; VOETS et al, 2009), spore ontogeny (DE SOUZA et al, 2005; MAIA et al, 2010), reproduction and nutritional requirements over the life cycle of these fungi (LABIDI et al, 2011; IJDO et al, 2011) and production of viable inoculum that is free of contaminants (IJDO et al, 2011; TIWARI; ADHOLEYA, 2002; VOETS et al, 2009)
Summary
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligatory symbionts that colonize the roots of approximately 80% of terrestrial plants, improving their nutrition, growth and disease tolerance (SMITH; READ, 2008; ELSEN et al, 2008). Agronomy techniques based on Agrobacterium rhizogenestransformed roots and untransformed roots provide the establishment of the AMF in vitro (BÉCARD; FORTIN, 1988; ADHOLEYA et al, 2005; IJDO et al, 2011). Monoxenic cultures of AMF enable continuous observations of fungal colonies, and the organization of the mycelium as well as the sporulation steps can be monitored. This technique allows studies that lead to Maringá, v. Only a few species of AMF have been successfully established in vitro (TIWARI; ADHOLEYA, 2002; IJDO et al, 2011). Ginkgo harbors at least 20 species and 30 strains of AMF from the families Glomeraceae and Gigasporaceae (IJDO et al, 2011)
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