Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyse residues of fungicides and insecticides in rice grains that were subjected to different forms of processing. Field work was conducted during three crop seasons, and fungicides and insecticides were applied at different crop growth stages on the aerial portion of the rice plants. Azoxystrobin, difenoconazole, propiconazole, tebuconazole, and trifloxystrobin fungicides were sprayed only once at the R2 growth stage or twice at the R2 and R4 growth stages; cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, and thiamethoxam insecticides were sprayed at the R2 growth stage; and permethrin was sprayed at 5-day intervals from the R4 growth stage up to one day prior to harvest. Pesticide residues were analysed in uncooked, cooked, parboiled, polished and brown rice grains as well as rice hulls during the three crop seasons, for a total of 1458 samples. The samples were analysed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) using modified QuEChERS as the extraction method. No fungicide or insecticide residues were detected in rice grain samples; however, azoxystrobin and cypermethrin residues were detected in rice hull samples.
Highlights
The use of pesticides in irrigated rice has intensified in recent years due to the higher incidence of foliar diseases and insect pests
The objective of this study was to analyse the presence or absence of azoxystrobin, difenoconazole, propiconazole, tebuconazole and trifloxystrobin fungicide residues and of cypermethrin, lambdacyhalothrin, permethrin and thiamethoxam insecticide residues, which are commonly used in rice crops in Brazil, in rice grains and hulls when these pesticides are applied to the aerial parts of the plants
The selected fungicides were applied at the R2 growth stage, and in the other treatment, they were applied at both the R2 and R4 growth stages
Summary
The use of pesticides in irrigated rice has intensified in recent years due to the higher incidence of foliar diseases and insect pests. The use of pesticides has been determined to be an essential management practice to ensure optimal agricultural yield and food quality. Agronomy industrialized) is important to guarantee food safety (Wang, Wu, & Zhang, 2012; Hou, Han, Dai, Yang, & Yi, 2013). Several studies have analysed the presence of pesticide residues in rice grains. In India, a study involving the application of thiamethoxam and lambda-cyhalothrin insecticides at both the recommended rate and twice the recommended rate to the aerial parts of rice plants concluded that no residues were detected in the grains (Barik, Ganguly, Kunda, Kole, & Bhattacharyya, 2010). Zhang, Chai, and Wu (2012) detected residues in brown rice grains
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