Abstract
Second generation ethanol from lignocellulose materials has been used in applications for food processing wastes. Since Brazil has a leading position in orange juice exports, the influence of acid and alkali pretreatments on liquor saccharification, solubilization of solid fraction and mass yield was evaluated. Time and C acid or C alkaline at different concentrations of solids (low to moderate, 1 to 9%) and high catalyst concentrations were analyzed. A hydrothermal pretreatment was conducted under the same conditions of acid and alkaline treatments to investigate the relative selectivity increase in using the catalysts. The chemical analyses of wastes indicated a 70% total carbohydrate level denoting a promising raw material for bioethanol production. Pretreatment caused acid saccharifications between 25 and 65% in total reducing sugars (TRS) and mass yields (MY) between 30 and 40%. In alkaline pretreatment, these rates ranged between 2 and 22.5% and between 30 and 80, respectively. In hydrothermal pretreatment, solubilized TRS varied between 3 and 37%, whereas MY remained between 45 and 60%, respectively. C biomass strongly influenced the three variables; in the same way, time affected MY.
Highlights
Biofuels play an important role in reducing changes in global climate
The methodology consisted of waste preparation, physicochemical characterization, and acidic, alkaline or hydrothermal pretreatment, resulting in pretreated biomass and liquor
The physicochemical characterization indicated high carbohydrate contents (Table 2) and showed itself compatible with the characterizations reported elsewhere, suggesting that the residue is a potential source for second generation ethanol production
Summary
Biofuels play an important role in reducing changes in global climate. Their impact depends upon several aspects related to novel technologies, legal restrictions, international trade, land use as well as the choice of raw materials and management techniques (WORLDWATCH INSTITUTE, 2007). During the last two decades, second generation ethanol has been proposed as an alternative for biofuel production, though hydrolysis and fermentation of lignocellulosic materials have been known and implemented since the late nineteenth century. Technology executed in the USA and in Europe, albeit still within laboratory scale, and aim at an efficient biofuel capable of being produced worldwide. All biomass wastes derived from agribusiness, agro-industry residues and urban waste have high lignocellulosic contents (MACEDO et al, 2008)
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