Abstract
The effects of polluted water at three sites in the Marinho River, Brazil, on Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) were investigated using histological, hematological and biochemical approaches. Fish exposed to the impacted water demonstrated that histological changes in gills were accompanied by nuclear and micronuclei abnormalities in cells. The activity of liver and plasma biomarkers (alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and liver glutathione S-transferase (GST)) showed an expressive change due to the. The results were also correlated with the highest levels of Cu +2 , Zn +2 and Mn +2 in the water. The data of this study evidenced the importance of using a set of biomarkers to quantify pollution in lentic ecosystems. Additionally, histological analyses of gills and erythrocytes have proven to be an important instrument for signaling the impact of pollutants in rivers.
Highlights
Water pollution resulting from industrial, agricultural and anthropogenic activities has become a major problem affecting ecosystems
The gill tissue of O. niloticus followed the standard described for teleost fish with spaced secondary lamellae, with little or no distortion/swelling observed on the filamental epithelium of primary gill lamellae (Figure 1)
The present work is the first study focused on water pollution in Marinho river, using a set of biomarkers in Nile tilápia
Summary
Water pollution resulting from industrial, agricultural and anthropogenic activities has become a major problem affecting ecosystems. The biological responses of aquatic organisms to pollutants frequently involve metabolic, hematological and histological alterations (MOREIRA et al, 2006). Biological Sciences detecting genotoxic chemicals in the environment (STEGEMAN; LECH, 1991; AL-SABTI; METCALFE, 1995). In this context, Oreochromis niloticus (tilápia) is a species commonly used as a fish model to estimate the toxicological level in a given polluted environment by analyzing its enzymatic activities (COSTA-PIERCE; RAKOCY, 1997). Viarengo et al (2007) suggested the integrated use of different biomarkers to facilitate the detection of alterations at molecular, cellular, tissue and organism levels. The micronucleus analysis is an alternative to detect chromosomal damages and may be applied in different cell types
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