LSTM Networks to Improve the Prediction of Harmful Algal Blooms in the West Coast of Sabah.

Fatin Nadiah Yussof,Normah Maan,Mohd Nadzri Md Reba

doi:10.3390/ijerph18147650

Abstract

Harmful algal bloom (HAB) events have alarmed authorities of human health that have caused severe illness and fatalities, death of marine organisms, and massive fish killings. This work aimed to perform the long short-term memory (LSTM) method and convolution neural network (CNN) method to predict the HAB events in the West Coast of Sabah. The results showed that this method could be used to predict satellite time series data in which previous studies only used vector data. This paper also could identify and predict whether there is HAB occurrence in the region. A chlorophyll a concentration (Chl-a; mg/L) variable was used as an HAB indicator, where the data were obtained from MODIS and GEBCO bathymetry. The eight-day dataset interval was from January 2003 to December 2018. The results obtained showed that the LSTM model outperformed the CNN model in terms of accuracy using RMSE and the correlation coefficient r as the statistical criteria.

Highlights

Algal Blooms in the West Coast ofAlgal bloom is a phenomenon in which phytoplankton grows excessively in a river, lake, or sea
Chlorophyll a from ocean color remote sensing was used to investigate phytoplankton dynamics, which marked the presence of Harmful algal bloom (HAB)
Model, which had an r = 0.111790 and rootroot means square error (RMSE) = 4.361724 mg/L. These findings are backed by previous research [38,39] that claimed that the long short-term memory (LSTM) model outperformed the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model

Summary

Introduction

Algal Blooms in the West Coast of. Algal bloom is a phenomenon in which phytoplankton (algae) grows excessively in a river, lake, or sea. Harmful algal bloom (HAB) is a type of harmful algal bloom that causes toxicity in humans and marine life, resulting in negative impacts on the environment, human health, and economy. Environmental impacts include the death of marine organisms. Human health impacts include health deterioration as a result of the consumption of contaminated seafood, which can lead to serious illness or mortality. Economic impacts include the wreckage of tourism attraction spots, since activities such as fishing and snorkeling cannot be carried out, as well as the decline of the aquaculture sector due to enormous fish killings. On 11 February 2014, due to the HAB event in Tanjung

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