Abstract
Histone-modifying enzymes play a critical role in chromatin remodeling and are essential for influencing several genome processes such as gene expression and DNA repair, replication, and recombination. The discovery of lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), the first identified histone demethylase, dramatically revolutionized research in the field of epigenetics. LSD1 plays a pivotal role in a wide range of biological operations, including development, cellular differentiation, embryonic pluripotency, and disease (for example, cancer). This mini-review focuses on the role of LSD1 in chromatin regulatory complexes, its involvement in epigenetic changes throughout development, and its importance in physiological and pathological processes.
Highlights
Within the nuclei of all eukaryotic cells, DNA is highly compacted via interactions with histones and numerous other proteins to form chromatin
This review focuses on lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) and its role in various physiological and pathological processes
This review has briefly summarized the current knowledge and research of LSD1, its expression patterns, recruitment mechanisms, chromatin remodeling, biochemical functions, molecular structure, and role in cancer
Summary
Within the nuclei of all eukaryotic cells, DNA is highly compacted via interactions with histones and numerous other proteins to form chromatin. Earlier studies identified REST as a long-term repressor of neuronal genes in non-neuronal cells[19,32,33,34] This was determined to be mediated through the recruitment of the LSD1-CoREST-HDAC complex, allowing lysine deacetylation of H3 and H4 in addition to demethylation of H3K435. Snail and Slug are key molecular mediators of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition through direct repression of epithelial markers such as CDH-1 This is achieved through the SNAG domain of Snail, structurally resembling the histone H3 tail, recruiting LSD1 to epithelial gene promoters with formation of the Snail-LSD1-CoREST complex with subsequent demethylation of H3K4me[267,68]. In the specific case of neuroblastoma, MYCN has been correlated with poor prognosis This is related to the co-localization of LSD1 and MYCN at the promoter of a key suppressor of metastasis, N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), inhibiting its expression. Therapeutic targeting of the demethylase may prove an effective strategy in reversing or attenuating more aggressive malignant phenotypes in many cancers
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