Low-Temperature High-Areal-Capacity Rechargeable Potassium-Metal Batteries.

Abstract

High mass loading and high areal capacity are key metrics for commercial batteries, which are usually limited by the large charge-transfer impedance in thick electrodes. This can be kinetically deteriorated under low temperatures, and the realization of high-areal-capacity batteries in cold climates remains challenging. Herein, a low-temperature high-areal-capacity rechargeable potassium-tellurium (K-Te) battery is successfully fabricated by knocking down the kinetic barriers in the cathode and pairing it with stable anode. Specifically, the in situ electrochemical self-reconstruction of amorphous Cu1.4 Te in a thick electrode is realized simply by coating micro-sized Te on the Cu collector, significantly improving its ionic conductivity. Meanwhile, the optimized electrolyte enables fast ion transportation and a stable K-metal anode at a large current density and areal capacity. Consequently, this K-Te battery achieves a high areal capacity of 1.25mAhcm-2 at -40°C, which greatly exceeds those of most reported works. This work highlights the significance of electrode design and electrolyte engineering for high areal capacity at low temperatures, and represents a critical step toward practical applications of low-temperature batteries.