Low-temperature activated porous carbon with functional groups derived from waste tea powder as a potential catalyst for CO2 fixation into cyclic carbonates

Abstract

The globe is currently confronted with two main environmental problems: environmental solid waste and greenhouse gases. Thus, it is urgent to mitigate these issues and convert them into value-added products. In this context, this work demonstrated the mitigation of two global issues with a single approach. This work established a facile process for a hierarchical porous carbon from abundant bio-waste, such as waste tea powder, and employed it as a heterogeneous catalyst for CO2 fixation into cyclic carbonate. Derived porous carbon catalysts, WTC-1 (Waste tea carbon), WTC-2, AWTC-2-400 (Activated waste tea carbon), AWTC-2a-400, AWTC-2-600, and AWTC-2-800, were produced without the use of solvent by acid-free washing and KOH-free activation. These WTC catalysts were characterized by several standard techniques: XRD, FTIR, XPS, SEM, BET, and TPD. Among the low-temperature activated carbon catalysts, AWTC-2a-400 with potassium-based salt, KI exhibited excellent conversion of propylene oxide (98 %) and ≥99 % selectivity of propylene carbonate without solvent under mild conditions of 2.5 MPa, 120 °C, and 2 h. It was observed that the catalytic activity of the WTC catalyst was attributed to the presence of Lewis acidic and basic sites, CaO/CaCO3, MgO, –COOH/OH, and –NH, which are capable of activating the CO2 molecule. Further, the developed catalytic system (AWTC-2a-400/KI) demonstrated superior catalyst versatility for various epoxides under optimized conditions. Moreover, AWTC-2a-400 showed good stability and reusability. Importantly, all reactions were conducted on a gram scale, and the proposed catalyst was effective, which might be favorable for future industrial applications.