Abstract
Low-pressure spray pyrolysis (LPSP) has been developed by generating micrometer-sized droplets under low-pressure environment. Unlike the conventional spray pyrolysis (CSP), a variety of nanoparticles, ranging from metals, metal oxides, to composite materials can be directly formed in the LPSP process, which was considered to follow a one-droplet-to-multiple-particles (ODMP) principle. The low-pressure is the direct driving force for the formation of nanoparticles. Inside the LPSP process, the micrometer-sized droplets are assumed to undergo rapid solvent evaporation upon entering the low-pressure environment that induces a fast nucleation rate to form primary nanocrystals. The aggregation of these nanocrystals is limited due to very short residence time under low-pressure conditions. In addition, the gas evolution due to thermal reactions and pressures inside the droplets/dried particles caused by high drying rates, are considered to be the main reasons for the fragmentation of primary nanocrystals into final nanoparticles.
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