Abstract
The spectral and temporal characters of surface and volume reverberation were interrogated during a series of recent deep-water, direct-path experiments using both narrowband (CW) and broadband (HFM,PRN) transmissions. Measures of low-frequency backscattering were obtained over a range of wind speeds (12 to 27 kts) for very low grazing-angle data: Doppler-sensitive waveforms (CW,PRN) were used to examine the spectral character (frequency shift(s), spread) and high-range resolution waveforms (HFM,PRN) were used to examine the spatial (range extent) and temporal (event lifetimes) characters. The major conclusion is that subsurface bubbles are inferred to be primarily responsible for the observed elevation of the empirical Ogden-Erskine/Chapman-Harris surface scattering strengths over predictions based on air-sea-interface scattering theory.
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