Abstract
BackgroundThe extent of muscle deterioration associated with ageing or disease can be quantified by comparison with appropriate reference data. The objective of this study is to present normative data for lower-limb muscle strength and quality for 573 males and 923 females aged 20-97 yr participating in the Geelong Osteoporosis Study in southeastern Australia.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, measures of muscle strength for hip flexors and hip abductors were obtained using a Nicholas manual muscle tester, a hand-held dynamometer (HHD; kg). Leg lean mass was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA; kg), and muscle quality calculated as strength/mass (N/kg).ResultsFor both sexes, muscle strength and quality decreased with advancing age. Age explained 12.9–25.3% of the variance in muscle strength in males, and 20.8–24.6% in females; age explained less of the variance in muscle quality. Means and standard deviations for muscle strength and quality for each muscle group are reported by age-decade for each sex, and cutpoints equivalent to T-scores of − 2.0 and − 1.0 were derived using data from young males (n = 89) and females (n = 148) aged 20–39 years.ConclusionsThese data will be useful for quantifying the extent of dynapenia and poor muscle quality among adults in the general population in the face of frailty, sarcopenia and other age-related muscle dysfunction.
Highlights
The extent of muscle deterioration associated with ageing or disease can be quantified by comparison with appropriate reference data
Weakness is one of five physical characteristics considered by Fried et al [9] to support a diagnosis of frailty, and low muscle strength is a key component of sarcopenia [10,11,12,13]
We have previously reported normative data for total and appendicular lean mass with and without adjustment for height [14] and body mass index (BMI) [15]
Summary
The extent of muscle deterioration associated with ageing or disease can be quantified by comparison with appropriate reference data. The extent of muscle deterioration associated with ageing, injury or disease can be gauged with reference to appropriate normative data. We have previously reported normative data for total and appendicular lean mass with and without adjustment for height [14] and body mass index (BMI) [15]. These surrogate measures of muscle mass have been incorporated into different definitions for sarcopenia from Europe [10, 11] and the USA [12] and yet are applied to the Australian population where local cutpoints might have relevance
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