Abstract
AbstractLet d be a square-free positive integer and l(d) be the period length of the simple continued fraction expansion of ωd, where ωd is integral basis of ℤ[]. Let εd = (td + ud)/2 (> 1) be the fundamental unit of the real quadratic field ℚ(). In this paper new lower bounds for εd, td, and ud are described in terms of l(d). The lower bounds of εd are sharper than the known bounds and those of td and ud have been yet unknown. In order to show the strength of the method of the proof, some interesting examples of d are given for which εd and Yokoi’s d-invariants are determined explicitly in relation to continued fractions of the form .
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