Abstract
Current mainstream navigation and positioning equipment, intended for providing accurate positioning signals, comprise global navigation satellite systems, maps, and geospatial databases. Although global navigation satellite systems have matured and are widespread, they cannot provide effective navigation and positioning services in covered areas or areas lacking strong signals, such as indoor environments. To solve the problem of positioning in environments lacking satellite signals and achieve cost-effective indoor positioning, this study aimed to develop an inexpensive indoor positioning program, in which the positions of users were calculated by pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) using the built-in accelerometer and gyroscope in a mobile phone. In addition, the corner and linear calibration points were established to correct the positions with the map assistance. Distance, azimuth, and rotation angle detections were conducted for analyzing the indoor positioning results. The results revealed that the closure accuracy of the PDR positioning was enhanced by more than 90% with a root mean square error of 0.6 m after calibration. Ninety-four percent of the corrected PDR positioning results exhibited errors of <1 m, revealing a desk-level positioning accuracy. Accordingly, this study successfully combined mobile phone sensors with map assistance for improving indoor positioning accuracy.
Highlights
Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are used for a broad range of purposes in our daily life, such as rescue positioning, route navigation, traffic monitoring, and agricultural production
Numerous approaches have been designed for indoor positioning, such as the early Active Bat, that utilizes ultrasonic technology and simultaneous localization and mapping, which is applied in conjunction with self-propelled robot movement
This study focuses on the calibration point setting rules and the pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) correction results to improve the accuracy of PDR positioning
Summary
Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are used for a broad range of purposes in our daily life, such as rescue positioning, route navigation, traffic monitoring, and agricultural production. GNSS have limitations, such as disturbances in positioning signal stability in indoors because of their obstacle environments. This has prompted the development of indoor positioning systems. Numerous approaches have been designed for indoor positioning, such as the early Active Bat, that utilizes ultrasonic technology and simultaneous localization and mapping, which is applied in conjunction with self-propelled robot movement. Most of these approaches involve wireless technologies, such as Bluetooth, infrared, radio frequency identification, wireless fidelity, Zigbee, and ultra-wideband
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