Abstract
3D reconstruction methods can be used to obtain digital models by capturing the shape and appearance of real objects. Due to both scientific and technological advances, low-cost 3D reconstruction is now widely used to reconstruct objects of reasonable geometric complexity using cheap acquisition hardware; however, it is unclear whether or not these devices produce suitable results to preserve cultural heritage artifacts. First, this paper goes over the general concept of 3D reconstruction and the main differences between low-cost and general-purpose 3D reconstruction pipelines, these differences are illustrated using a prototypical low-cost pipeline that has been used to reconstruct heritage artifacts. Then, we present the results of a survey conducted in order to investigate how existing low-cost 3D reconstruction approaches attempted to improve the results of their reconstructions, with an emphasis on the realistic rendering techniques they have used. Throughout the survey process, a categorization for low-cost 3D methodologies was proposed based on the scanning apparatus used by the approaches and other similarities between them. Finally, based on the surveyed studies and the results obtained with the prototypical pipeline, we conclude that it is possible to preserve heritage artifacts using low-cost approaches, granted that modern realism techniques are used to improve the appearance of the models.
Highlights
Many di erent areas such as engineering, architecture, medical imaging and cinema take advantage of 3D reconstruction techniques; one of the oldest and most common applications of 3D reconstruction is the preservation of cultural heritage (Levoy et al.; 2000; El-Hakim et al.; 2004; Pavlidis et al.; 2007; Gomes et al.; 2014)
Based on the surveyed studies and the results obtained with the prototypical pipeline, we conclude that it is possible to preserve heritage artifacts using low-cost approaches, granted that modern realism techniques are used to improve the appearance of the models
With the advent of other cheap scanners, Dupuis et al (Dupuis et al.; 2014) attempted to increase the realism of their 3D reconstructions by combining the scans from one such scanner with room-scale captures performed with the Microsoft Kinect sensor, much like the hierarchical approach of El-Hakim et al (El-Hakim et al.; 2005). In this case the correspondence between the two captures is performed autonomously, via support vector machines (SVM) and the iterative-closest point (ICP) algorithm; this dramatically lowers the amount of human interaction needed during the alignment, if compared to previous approaches
Summary
Many di erent areas such as engineering, architecture, medical imaging and cinema take advantage of 3D reconstruction techniques; one of the oldest and most common applications of 3D reconstruction is the preservation of cultural heritage (Levoy et al.; 2000; El-Hakim et al.; 2004; Pavlidis et al.; 2007; Gomes et al.; 2014). The most common 3D reconstruction pipeline comprises four steps (Figure 1): a) acquisition of information, b) alignment of the information obtained from di erent angles, c) integration of the information into a single model and d) generation of the textured 3D model (Bernardini and Rushmeier; 2002; Gomes et al.; 2014) Given this general pipeline, several works add, remove or specialize some steps to better t their domain (Berrier et al.; 2015; Nöll et al.; 2015; Zeppelzauer et al.; 2015). Several works add, remove or specialize some steps to better t their domain (Berrier et al.; 2015; Nöll et al.; 2015; Zeppelzauer et al.; 2015) This survey focuses on several existing 3D reconstruction pipelines that utilize acquisition devices which usually cost up to several hundred dollars (Newcombe et al.; 2011; Dias et al.; 2006), instead of the traditional high-end 3D scanners which are much more expensive. It is safe to assume that capturing and using high-resolution color information is important in low-cost digital heritage, because it helps convey the appearance of details that might not be present in the actual geometry of the reconstruction
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