Low temperature behaviour of TiO 2 rutile as negative electrode material for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract

High surface nanosized rutile TiO 2 is prepared via a sol–gel method from an ethylene glycol-based titanium-precursor in the presence of a non-ionic surfactant, at pH 0. Its electrochemical behaviour has been investigated at low temperature using two different potential windows. Typically, the potential window of the rutile system is 1–3 V but the use of an enlarged potential window (0.1–3 V), leads to an excellent reversible capacity of 341 mAh g −1 which is comparable to graphite anodes. The electrochemical performance was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic techniques at temperatures ranging from −40 to 20 °C. Nanosized TiO 2 exhibits excellent rate capability (341 mAh g −1 at 20 °C, 197 mAh g −1 at −10 °C, 138 mAh g −1 at −20 °C, and 77 mAh g −1 at −40 °C at a C/5 rate) and good cycling stability. The superior low-temperature electrochemical performance of nanosized rutile TiO 2 may make it a promising candidate as lithium-ion battery material.