Abstract
Abstract. The emission of dimethyl-sulphide (DMS) gas by phytoplankton and the subsequent formation of aerosol has long been suggested as an important climate regulation mechanism. The key aerosol quantity is the number concentration of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), but until recently global models did not include the necessary aerosol physics to quantify CCN. Here we use a global aerosol microphysics model to calculate the sensitivity of CCN to changes in DMS emission using multiple present-day and future sea-surface DMS climatologies. Calculated annual fluxes of DMS to the atmosphere for the five model-derived and one observations based present day climatologies are in the range 15.1 to 32.3 Tg a−1 sulphur. The impact of DMS climatology on surface level CCN concentrations was calculated in terms of summer and winter hemispheric mean values of ΔCCN/ΔFluxDMS, which varied between −43 and +166 cm−3/(mg m−2 day−1 sulphur), with a mean of 63 cm−3/(mg m−2 day−1 sulphur). The range is due to CCN production in the atmosphere being strongly dependent on the spatial distribution of the emitted DMS. The relative sensitivity of CCN to DMS (i.e. fractional change in CCN divided by fractional change in DMS flux) depends on the abundance of non-DMS derived aerosol in each hemisphere. The relative sensitivity averaged over the five present day DMS climatologies is estimated to be 0.02 in the northern hemisphere (i.e. a 0.02% change in CCN for a 1% change in DMS) and 0.07 in the southern hemisphere where aerosol abundance is lower. In a globally warmed scenario in which the DMS flux increases by ~1% relative to present day we estimate a ~0.1% increase in global mean CCN at the surface. The largest CCN response occurs in the Southern Ocean, contributing to a Southern Hemisphere mean annual increase of less than 0.2%. We show that the changes in DMS flux and CCN concentration between the present day and global warming scenario are similar to interannual differences due to variability in windspeed. In summary, although DMS makes a significant contribution to global marine CCN concentrations, the sensitivity of CCN to potential future changes in DMS flux is very low. This finding, together with the predicted small changes in future seawater DMS concentrations, suggests that the role of DMS in climate regulation is very weak.
Highlights
Dimethyl-sulphide (DMS) is an important marine trace gas produced from the degradation of dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) in the oceans, which is released from some phytoplankton species (Stefels et al, 2007)
The relative sensitivity of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) to DMS depends on the abundance of non-DMS derived aerosol in each hemisphere
We show that the changes in DMS flux and CCN concentration between the present day and global warming scenario are similar to interannual differences due to variability in windspeed
Summary
Dimethyl-sulphide (DMS) is an important marine trace gas produced from the degradation of dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) in the oceans, which is released from some phytoplankton species (Stefels et al, 2007). Some DMS reaches the atmosphere via gas exchange processes (Liss et al, 1997), resulting in a net sea-air global flux of between 13 and 37 Tg a−1 of sulphur (Kettle and Andreae, 2000), depending on the gas flux parameterisation and wind speed dataset used. The chemical conversion begins with the oxidation of DMS by OH and NO3 and results in the production of SO2, methanesulphonic acid (MSA) and gas-phase sulphuric acid (H2SO4). Chemical transport model studies suggest that between 18 and 42% of global atmospheric sulphate aerosol mass is derived from DMS (Chin and Jacob, 1996; Gondwe et al, 2003; Kloster et al, 2006). Chin and Jacob (1996) estimated that DMS accounts for 20–80% of non sea-salt sulphate in surface air over the Northern Hemisphere oceans and over 80% in most of the Southern Hemisphere and in the upper troposphere Chemical transport model studies suggest that between 18 and 42% of global atmospheric sulphate aerosol mass is derived from DMS (Chin and Jacob, 1996; Gondwe et al, 2003; Kloster et al, 2006). Chin and Jacob (1996) estimated that DMS accounts for 20–80% of non sea-salt sulphate in surface air over the Northern Hemisphere oceans and over 80% in most of the Southern Hemisphere and in the upper troposphere
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