Abstract
Little is known about the risk factors of proteinuria in the Asian population. On the basis of the association between rice intake patterns and chronic diseases, we hypothesized that rice intake patterns are associated with proteinuria in the Asian population. Data, including data regarding rice intake frequency and dipstick urinalysis results, from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 1998, 2001, 2005, and 2007 were analyzed. The study involved 19,824 participants who were older than 20 years of age. Low rice intake was defined as consumption of rice ≤ 1 time/day. Proteinuria was defined as dipstick urinalysis protein ≥ 1 positive. Among the 19,824 participants, the prevalence of low rice intake and proteinuria were 17.3% and 2.9%, respectively. The low rice intake group showed a higher rate of proteinuria than the non-low rice intake group did (3.8% vs. 2.7%, P < 0.001). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio (OR) of low rice intake for proteinuria was 1.54 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.25–1.89; P < 0.001). Low rice intake was also independently associated with high blood pressure (OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.31–1.56; P < 0.001) and diabetes (OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.27–1.62; P < 0.001). In conclusion, low rice intake was found to be independently associated with proteinuria in the Asian population, which might have been affected by the associations of low rice intake with high blood pressure and diabetes. Future prospective studies are needed to confirm the results of this study.
Highlights
Proteinuria is a marker of kidney damage [1]
Since hypertension and diabetes are important causes of proteinuria [8, 19, 20], we hypothesized that low rice intake was associated with proteinuria, as measured using dipstick urinalysis
We identified modifiable risk factors of proteinuria, in the Asian population
Summary
Proteinuria is a marker of kidney damage [1]. Since measuring proteinuria quantitatively in a large population is not always possible, many studies have measured proteinuria semi-quantitatively by using dipstick urinalysis. Proteinuria measured using dipstick urinalysis is a well-known predictor of future end-stage renal disease (ESRD) [2, 3] and all-cause mortalities [4,5,6], including those due to cardiovascular diseases. Proteinuria can be reduced by the inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) [7], administration of RAAS inhibitor to people with proteinuria, who are otherwise healthy, is not always possible.
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