Abstract
ObjectiveThis research was designed to investigate the effects of low pressure radio-frequency (RF) oxygen plasma treatment (OPT) on the surface of commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) and Ti6Al4V. Surface topography, elemental composition, water contact angle, cell viability, and cell morphology were surveyed to evaluate the biocompatibility of titanium samples with different lengths of OP treating time.Materials and MethodsCP-Ti and Ti6Al4V discs were both classified into 4 groups: untreated, treated with OP generated by using oxygen (99.98%) for 5, 10, and 30 min, respectively. After OPT on CP-Ti and Ti6Al4V samples, scanning probe microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), and contact angle tests were conducted to determine the surface topography, elemental composition and hydrophilicity, respectively. The change of surface morphology was further studied using sputtered titanium on silicon wafers. 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and F-actin immunofluorescence stain were performed to investigate the viability and spreading behavior of cultivated MG-63 cells on the samples.ResultsThe surface roughness was most prominent after 5 min OPT in both CP-Ti and Ti6Al4V, and the surface morphology of sputtered Ti sharpened after the 5 min treatment. From the XPS results, the intensity of Ti°, Ti2+, and Ti3+ of the samples’ surface decreased indicating the oxidation of titanium after OPT. The water contact angles of both CP-Ti and Ti6Al4V were increased after 5 min OPT. The results of MTT assay demonstrated MG-63 cells proliferated best on the 5 min OP treated titanium sample. The F-actin immunofluorescence stain revealed the cultivated cell number of 5 min treated CP-Ti/Ti6Al4V was greater than other groups and most of the cultivated cells were spindle-shaped. ConclusionsLow pressure RF oxygen plasma modified both the composition and the morphology of titanium samples’ surface. The CP-Ti/Ti6Al4V treated with 5 min OPT displayed the roughest surface, sharpest surface profile and best biocompatibility.
Highlights
Osseointegration is the direct structural and functional connection between living bone tissue and the surface of dental implants
All three substrate groups increased their roughness after 5 min oxygen plasma treatment (OPT) and the roughness decreased after OPT for a longer time
The surface morphology of sputtered Ti was sharpened in OPT(5); the sharpened structure was smoothed down after a longer time of treatment
Summary
Osseointegration is the direct structural and functional connection between living bone tissue and the surface of dental implants. This is recognized as a direct bone-implant contact without any intervening connective tissue layers [1,2]. Besides the biocompatibility of the implant materials per se, the surface composition, structure, topography, oxide thickness, roughness and surface contaminants influence the cells’ behaviors [3,4,5,6]. To further improve the osseointegration on titanium based implants, the methods to form the titanium oxide of designed thickness, chemical composition and topography were researched, tested and developed [9,10,11,12,13,14]
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