Low muscle strength rather than low muscle mass is associated with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes

Abstract

Several studies have investigated whether sarcopenia is associated with diabetic microvascular complications, but very few have examined associations between sarcopenia and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, we investigated associations of muscle strength (handgrip strength [HGS]) and mass (appendicular skeletal muscle mass index [ASMI]) and CAN in patients with T2DM. We enrolled 342 patients in this retrospective, cross-sectional study. Cardiovascular reflex tests were used to assess CAN according to Ewing’s protocol. Relative HGS was determined after normalizing absolute HGS to body weight (HGS/body weight [kg]). We defined low HGS and low ASMI according to a consensus report of the Asian Group for Sarcopenia. Logistic regression analyses were carried out to assess the associations between relative HGS or ASMI quartiles and the presence of CAN in patients with T2DM. The prevalence rates of CAN, low HGS, and low ASMI in the study subjects were 34.8%, 17.3%, and 18.7%, respectively. Low HGS was significantly more prevalent in patients with CAN than those without CAN (23.5% vs. 13.9%, p = 0.025). The CAN scores were significantly and negatively correlated with relative HGS but not with ASMI. Relative HGS was negative correlated with age, glycated hemoglobin, fasting plasma glucose, hsCRP, body mass index, and HOMA-IR and positively correlated with ASMI. The prevalence of CAN gradually increased with decreasing quartile of relative HGS (28.4% in Q4, 31.8% in Q3, 34.2% in Q2, and 45.3% in Q1, p = 0.02 for trend). Multivariable-adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) for CAN, determined by comparing the first, second, and third quartiles with the fourth quartile of relative HGS, were 4.4 with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of [1.1 to 17.3]), 2.3 (95% CI [0.8 to 6.9]), and 1.2 (95% CI [0.4 to 3.7]), respectively. The prevalence of CAN and the PRs (95% [CI]) for CAN based on ASMI were not statistically significant. Our findings suggest that low muscle strength rather than low muscle mass was significantly associated with the presence of CAN. Therefore, HGS testing could help identify patients who would benefit from screening for earlier diagnosis of CAN.