Low genetic diversity and a mixing population of the reef Manta ray (Mobula alfredi, Krefft 1868) between three populations across Indonesian seas revealed by Mitochondrial DNA

Abstract

Mobula alfredi is a critically endangered species of the Mobulidae family that can be found in the subtropics, including Indonesia. However, population connectedness, which is critical for managing and conserving populations, was previously unknown. Based on 614-bp of cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI) mtDNA, this study looked into the genetic structure and genetic diversity of M. alfredi between three major populations in Indonesia (Raja Ampat, Komodo Island, and Nusa Penida). Between April and December 2016, 72 tissue samples were collected using the biopsy during expedition. Komodo Island has the largest haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity, while Raja Ampat and Nusa Penida had the lowest. Low and non-significant genetic differences were discovered between groups. The genetic variation values from the entire population revealed a greater variety within the population. Individuals of M. alfredi from three populations were mixed over Indonesian seas, as shown by the phylogenetic reconstruction and haplotype network, which was divided into two groups. M. alfredi is vulnerable to environmental change because of its low genetic diversity.