Low-frequency X-ray timing with Gaussian processes and reverberation in the radio-loud AGN 3C 120

Abstract

ABSTRACT A framework is developed to perform Fourier-domain timing analysis on X-ray light curves with gaps, employing Gaussian processes to model the probability distribution underlying the observed time series from which continuous samples can be drawn. A technique is developed to measure X-ray reverberation from the inner regions of accretion discs around black holes in the low-frequency components of the variability, on time-scales longer than can be probed employing standard Fourier techniques. This enables X-ray reverberation experiments to be performed using data from satellites in low-Earth orbit such as NICER, NuSTAR, and the proposed X-ray timing mission STROBE-X, and enables long time-scale reverberation around higher mass active galactic nuclei (AGNs) to be measured by combining observations. Gaussian processes are applied to observations of the broad line radio galaxy 3C 120 spanning two orbits with XMM–Newton to measure the relative time lags of successive X-ray energy bands. The lag–energy spectrum between 5 × 10−6 and 3 × 10−5 Hz, estimated using Gaussian processes, reveals X-ray reverberation from the inner accretion disc for the first time in this radio-loud AGN. Time lags in the relativistically broadened iron K line are significantly detected. The core of the line lags behind the continuum by (3800 ± 1500) s, suggesting a scale height of the corona of (13 ± 8) rg above the disc. The ability to compare the structure of coronae in radio-loud AGNs to their radio-quiet counterparts will yield important insight into the mechanisms by which black holes are able to launch jets.