Low efficacy of metronidazole in the eradication of Blastocystis hominis in symptomatic patients: Case series and systematic literature review

Abstract

Abstract Introduction Blastocystis hominis (B. hominis) is a protozoan commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract. There are doubts about its clinical significance. Metronidazole (MTZ) is the recommended first-line treatment. Materials and methods A retrospective review was carried out between 2011 and 2012. A total of 151 samples were randomly selected from 383 samples positive for B. hominis . Inclusion criteria were: suggestive symptoms, treatment indication and microbiological follow-up. A systematic review was performed of all studies that evaluated the effect of MTZ on B. hominis infection. Results Forty-six patients met the inclusion criteria (64% women; age, 44.2 ± 2 years). MTZ was used in 39 patients, 31 of whom obtained a clinical response (79.5%) but only 15 a microbiological response (48.4%). No dose-effect relationship was observed. Twenty patients with no initial microbiological response received a second round of treatment (MTZ, cotrimoxazole, paramomycin, others), with a microbiological response in 70%. Overall, B. hominis was cured in 72% (95% CI: 57–83%). Of 54 treatments associated with a clinical response, a microbiological response occurred in 31 (57%), while in the remaining 12 with no clinical response, microbiological cure was observed in only 2 (17%) ( P = .022). The eradication rate in the systematic review varied between 0% and 100%. Conclusions There seems to be a relationship between the clinical and microbiological response to B. hominis treatment. The microbiological response to MTZ treatment is insufficient in our geographical setting. The systematic review shows that the response to MTZ is very variable.