Abstract
The main objectives were to assess the adequacy of the micronutrient intakes of lactating women in a peri-urban area in Nepal and to describe the relationships between micronutrient intake adequacy, dietary diversity and sociodemographic variables. A cross-sectional survey was performed during 2008-2009. We used 24 h dietary recall to assess dietary intake on three non-consecutive days and calculated the probability of adequacy (PA) of the usual intake of eleven micronutrients and the overall mean probability of adequacy (MPA). A mean dietary diversity score (MDDS) was calculated of eight food groups averaged over 3 d. Multiple linear regression was used to identify the determinants of the MPA. Bhaktapur municipality, Nepal. Lactating women (n 500), 17-44 years old, randomly selected. The mean usual energy intake was 8464 (sd 1305) kJ/d (2023 (sd 312) kcal/d), while the percentage of energy from protein, fat and carbohydrates was 11 %, 13 % and 76 %, respectively. The mean usual micronutrient intakes were below the estimated average requirements for all micronutrients, with the exception of vitamin C and Zn. The MPA across eleven micronutrients was 0·19 (sd 0·16). The diet was found to be monotonous (MDDS was 3·9 (sd 1·0)) and rice contributed to about 60 % of the energy intake. The multiple regression analyses showed that MPA was positively associated with energy intake, dietary diversity, women's educational level and socio-economic status, and was higher in the winter. The low micronutrient intakes are probably explained by low dietary diversity and a low intake of micronutrient-rich foods.
Highlights
MethodsStudy design and population A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 500 randomly selected healthy lactating women (17–44 years old) from the Bhaktapur municipality, Nepal
We identified predictors for mean probability of adequacy (MPA) in multiple linear regression models and present three separate models
The lactating women in the present study had an energy intake below their estimated requirements; protein intake was within the acceptable range of 10–15 % of the energy contribution, whereas the fat intake was in the lower range and the carbohydrate intake was correspondingly high, compared with the WHO/FAO recommendations[3]
Summary
Study design and population A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 500 randomly selected healthy lactating women (17–44 years old) from the Bhaktapur municipality, Nepal. Volume of different foods, collection of recipes and the use of food codes by a dietitian over a 2-month period prior to the study This included a pilot study in which each fieldworker practised the 24 h recall interview on five women. For items commonly consumed or purchased outside the house, including tea, spices (masala), lentil soup, bread, vegetable curry and pickles, a set of standard recipes were developed and used based on the pilot study in which twelve recipes from each dish were collected and the averages of ingredients were taken. Model 1 included intake variables that would directly influence MPA, such as dietary diversity and energy intake which reflects amounts consumed. An adjustment for clustering within the toles was done using the ‘SVY’ group of commands for complex survey data in STATA
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