Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging, an emerging biomedical imaging modality, holds great promise for preclinical and clinical researches. It combines the high optical contrast and high ultrasound resolution by converting laser excitation into ultrasonic emission. In order to generate photoacoustic signal efficiently, bulky Q-switched solid-state laser systems are most commonly used as excitation sources and hence limit its commercialization. As an alternative, the miniaturized semiconductor laser system has the advantages of being inexpensive, compact, and robust, which makes a significant effect on production-forming design. It is also desirable to obtain a wavelength in a wide range from visible to near-infrared spectrum for multispectral applications. Focussing on practical aspect, this paper reviews the state-of-the-art developments of low-cost photoacoustic system with laser diode and light-emitting diode excitation source and highlights a few representative installations in the past decade.
Highlights
In 1880, Alexander Graham Bell1 discovered and put forward the photoacoustic e®ect in solids for therst time
Due to converting absorbed optical energy into a temperature rise, a corresponding pressure change will generate an acoustic signal that can be detected by the ultrasonic receiver, a highresolution image of optical absorption di®erences can be reconstructed to reveal the internal structure and function; this is the so-called photoacoustic imaging (PAI).[2,3,4,5]
As PAI is ceaselessly advancing in the wake of laser technologies, an alternative is to use the rising semiconductor lasers such as laser diodes and light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
Summary
In 1880, Alexander Graham Bell discovered and put forward the photoacoustic e®ect in solids for therst time. The laser-induced photoacoustic signal can be acquired using either singleelement scanning or multi-element array detection, which determines the imaging speed and image quality with various time-reversal reconstruction algorithms This is an Open Access article published by World Scientic Publishing Company. PAI has developed a great extent as the development of the laser technology and optimization of the system structure.[42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63] The PAI systems choose Q-switched Nd:YAG or OPO nanosecond lasers as excitation sources, which are usually expensive and bulky to be used as a handy tool for clinical applications.[64] As PAI is ceaselessly advancing in the wake of laser technologies, an alternative is to use the rising semiconductor lasers such as laser diodes and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) They have the competitive advantages of being inexpensive, compact, and robust. We focus on the current status and recent progress in PAI systems with the laser diode and LED excitations and highlight studies performed in the past decade
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