Abstract
In this work, a disposable electrochemical (voltammetric) molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) sensor for the selective determination of diclofenac (DCF) was constructed. The proposed MIP-sensor permits fast (30 min) analysis, is cheap, easy to prepare and has the potential to be integrated with portable devices. Due to its simplicity and efficiency, surface imprinting by electropolymerization was used to prepare a MIP on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). MIP preparation was achieved by cyclic voltammetry (CV), using dopamine (DA) as a monomer in the presence of DCF. The differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) detection of DCF at MIP/SPCE and non-imprinted control sensors (NIP) showed an imprinting factor of 2.5. Several experimental preparation parameters were studied and optimized. CV and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) experiments were performed to evaluate the electrode surface modifications. The MIP sensor showed adequate selectivity (in comparison with other drug molecules), intra-day repeatability of 7.5%, inter-day repeatability of 11.5%, a linear range between 0.1 and 10 μM (r2 = 0.9963) and a limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of 70 and 200 nM, respectively. Its applicability was successfully demonstrated by the determination of DCF in spiked water samples (river and tap water).
Highlights
All over the world, people benefit from thousands of synthetic chemicals that were developed in the last decades, improving populations’ health, aging and lifestyles
Mefenamic acid (MFA), carbamazepine (CBZ), acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and amitriptyline (AMI) were all obtained from Sigma-Aldrich
The results proved that the developed molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) sensor could be used as a green, low-cost, easy to handle and fast method for DCF determination
Summary
People benefit from thousands of synthetic chemicals that were developed in the last decades, improving populations’ health, aging and lifestyles. Huge consumption rates and low waste treatment lead to a severe environmental issue [1]. Diclofenac (DCF) is a nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug, with analgesic and antipyretic properties, widely used all over the world, both in human and in veterinary medicine. It is used in the treatment of rheumatic pain, joint inflammation [3] and can be administrated orally, topically or by intramuscular injection. 75% of DCF consumed enters the water cycle [4], and due to poor degradation, hydrophilicity, stability [5] and higher consumption rates, this drug is frequently detected in rivers [6], sediments, sludges [7] and even in drinking water [8,9]. Abnormalities associated with DCF exposure are reported in specific ecosystems, namely in the vulture population in India [7], aquatic species [10,11]
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