Abstract
Phosphogypsum (PG) is an industrial waste from the production of phosphoric acid and phosphate fertilizer. Disposal and landfill of PG pose significant environmental problems due to its hazardous components. Although many researchers have explored the possibility of PG recycling, challenges still exist before it can be high-effectively reused. In particular, a great deal of recent attention has been attracted to explore using PG as raw material to manufacture sustainable composites. The impurities movement, recycling efficiency, and environmental impacts have to be further investigated. This review article summarized the state of the art of the purification process, application areas, and the environmental impacts of PG waste. The main challenges and potential application approaches were discussed. This article is focused on reviewing the details of the PG reusing which benefits the readers on learning the knowledge from previous efforts. The main challenges of reusing PG were discussed from the chemical, physical, and materials perspectives.
Highlights
PG is a by-product of industrial phosphoric acid production
The results indicated that the immobilization effect can be optimized with electrolytic manganese residue (EMR)/PG ratio of 1:2 and a pH value of 9.0
It has been well known that the PG is hardly being directly used in the Portland cement as the retarder; it was found that the PG can be used as the raw material to manufacture the belite-calcium sulfoaluminate (BCSA) clinker [40]
Summary
PG is a by-product of industrial phosphoric acid production. For every ton of phosphoric acid produced, 4–5 tons of PG will be produced [1,2]. The output of PG is increasing rapidly at the rate of about 70 million tons per year. In China, the total amount of PG is about 500 million tons, but the utilization rate is less than 15% [3,4]. The general treatment method of PG is to accumulate as waste, which was piled up and posing severe environmental problems [5,6]. Due to the distinctive dark side of the PG disposal, the research on recycling utilization of the PG as resources to manufacture useful materials has become an ever-burgeoning demand
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