Low-Carbohydrate Diet Inhibits Different Advanced Glycation End Products in Kidney Depending on Lipid Composition but Causes Adverse Morphological Changes in a Non-Obese Model Mice.

Tomoko Kaburagi,Kazuma Kanaki,Rumi Hino,Yuko Otsuka

doi:10.3390/nu11112801

Abstract

Low carbohydrate diets (LC diets) have been noted for adverse health effects. In addition, the effect of lipid composition on an LC diet is unclear. In this study, we used an LC diet containing two different lipids, lard (LC group) and medium-chain triglyceride oil (MCT-LC group), to examine the effect of an LC diet in non-obese mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed the control diet or one of the experimental diets ad libitum for 13 weeks. Increased renal weight and glomerular hypertrophy, as well as enlargement of intraglomerular small vessels with wall thickening, were seen in the LC and MCT-LC groups. Renal AMP-activated protein kinase activity was significantly decreased only in the LC diet group. On the other hand, epididymal adipose tissue weight and adipocyte area were markedly decreased only in the MCT-LC group. A positive effect was also observed in the kidney, where different advanced glycation end products, Nε-(carboxyethyl)-lysine and Nε-(carboxymethyl)-lysine, were inhibited depending on the lipid composition of the LC diet. Our findings suggest that, in non-obese conditions, low dietary intake of carbohydrates had both positive and negative impacts. The safety of diets low in carbohydrates, including the effects of fatty acid composition, requires further investigation.

Highlights

The effects and safety of a low-carbohydrate (LC) diet have been extensively studied [1,2,3,4,5].Most previous studies have focused on obese and diabetic conditions, demonstrating the effects of an LC diet on weight loss and blood glucose and lipid level regulation [6,7,8,9]
Weights of the liver and kidney were measured in the three in the LC and LC-medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) diet groups compared to the control diet group (12.2 and 12.0 vs. 10.5 mg per diet groups and analyzed per gram of body weight (Figure 1)
The production of different advanced glycation end products (AGEs) was decreased due to the lipid composition of low in carbohydrates. These results suggest that a diet low in carbohydrate has both a negative and diets low in carbohydrates. These results suggest that a diet low in carbohydrate has both a negative positive effecteffect on the function depending on lipid composition, which might be be related to and positive on kidney the kidney function depending on lipid composition, which might related glucose and lipid metabolism

Summary

Introduction

Most previous studies have focused on obese and diabetic conditions, demonstrating the effects of an LC diet on weight loss and blood glucose and lipid level regulation [6,7,8,9]. Adipocyte hypertrophy causes changes in adipocytokines [14], which in turn results in abnormalities in glucose and lipid metabolism [15]; abnormal metabolic states are less common in non-obese conditions, so it is doubtful that an LC diet in non-obese conditions will produce the same changes observed in studies targeting obese conditions. Studies on the effects of an LC diet in non-obese states are limited, the morbidity of diabetes and heart disease, and mortality have been reported to increase with LC diet intake in several cohort studies [12,13,16].

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Conclusion