Low birthweight dwarfism with asymmetry (Silver's syndrome): treatment with human growth hormone.

Abstract

<h3>Background and objectives</h3> Interdialytic weight gain in patients on hemodialysis is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes and increased mortality. The degree of interdialytic weight gain is influenced by sodium intake. We evaluated the effects of tenapanor (AZD1722 and RDX5791), a minimally systemically available inhibitor of the sodium/hydrogen exchanger isoform 3, on interdialytic weight gain in patients with CKD stage 5D treated with hemodialysis. <h3>Design, setting, participants, &amp; measurements</h3> This phase 2, randomized, double–blind study (NCT01764854; conducted January to September of 2013) enrolled adults on maintenance hemodialysis with interdialytic weight gain ≥3.0% of postdialysis weight and ≥2 kg. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive tenapanor or placebo. The primary end point was change in mean interdialytic weight gain (percentage of baseline postdialysis weight) from baseline (mean across a 2-week run-in period) to week 4. In a subgroup of inpatients, 24-hour stool sodium and stool weight were assessed for 1 week. <h3>Results</h3> Sixteen patients received 1 week of inpatient treatment (tenapanor, eight; placebo, eight), and 72 patients received 4 weeks of treatment in an outpatient setting (tenapanor, 37; placebo, 35; completers: tenapanor, 31; placebo, 33). In the outpatient cohort, no significant effect on interdialytic weight gain was detected; least squares mean changes in relative interdialytic weight gain from baseline to week 4 were tenapanor, −0.26% (95% confidence interval, −0.57% to 0.06%) and placebo, −0.23% (95% confidence interval, −0.54% to 0.07%; <i>P=</i>0.46). During week 1 (inpatient cohort only), compared with placebo, tenapanor treatment resulted in higher stool sodium content (mean [±SD]: tenapanor, 36.6 [±21.8] mmol/d; placebo, 2.8 [±2.7] mmol/d; <i>P</i>&lt;0.001) and higher stool weight (tenapanor, 172.5 [±68.1] g/d; placebo, 86.3 [±30.0] g/d; <i>P</i>&lt;0.01). A similar safety profile was observed across treatment groups with the exception of diarrhea, which occurred more frequently with tenapanor treatment. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Tenapanor treatment increased stool sodium and weight over placebo in patients undergoing hemodialysis. However, over 4 weeks of treatment, there was no difference in interdialytic weight gain between patients treated with tenapanor and those receiving placebo.