Abstract
Marine biofilms are composed of many species of bacteria, unicellular algae, and protozoa. Biofilms can induce, inhibit, or have no effect on settlement of larvae and spores of algae. In this review, we focus on induction of larval settlement by marine bacteria and unicellular eukaryotes and review publications from 2010 to September 2019. This review provides insights from meta-analysis on what is known about the effect of marine biofilms on larval settlement. Of great interest is the impact of different components of marine biofilms, such as bacteria and diatoms, extracellular polymeric substances, quorum sensing signals, unique inductive compounds, exoenzymes, and structural protein degradation products on larval settlement and metamorphosis. Molecular aspects of larval settlement and impact of climate change are reviewed and, finally, potential areas of future investigations are provided.
Highlights
Any clean substratum submerged in seawater is quickly colonized by molecules, micro-organisms [1], and propagules [2]
Review of publications dealing with induction of larval settlement and metamorphosis by biofilms showed a limited number of studies that identified chemical inducers produced by microorganisms (Table S1)
The first quorum sensing (QS) compound named acyl homoserine lactone (AHL, Figure 8) was isolated from the marine ba5.c2t.eQruiourumm VSeinbsrinigo afinsdhSeerttileamsesnot ciated with the light organ of the squid Euprymna scolopes [88], information concAeltrhnoiunggh tthheefirpstreQsSecnocmepooufnQd nSammeodlaeccyul hleosmionsetrihnee lmactaornien(eAHenL,vFiirgounrem8)ewnatsiissoslactaedrce [15]
Summary
Any clean substratum submerged in seawater is quickly colonized by molecules, micro-organisms [1], and propagules [2]. Combinations of metagenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics methods enables study of changes in composition of biofilms and chemical compounds produced as well as their functions. Though still in their infancy with respect to analysis and interpretation, these new methods have already demonstrated remarkable potential. Marine organisms that are sessile as adults routinely have free living planktonic dispersal stages called larvae and sporelings and other kinds of propagules [11]. Microbial biofilms can either induce, inhibit or have no effect on the settlement of marine organisms (see reviews [7,25,26]). T3h5e%, while the percentage ofpearlcgenatlagsepoof rpeubpliucabtiloincsadtieoalninsg ewvitehnlarlvoawl seetrtl(e~m2en1t%in,rFesipgounrseeto1)b.ioTfihlmesrdeidwnaost eaxcseuedd3d5%en, drop in the percentage ofwdrlhoaiplrevintahtlehsepeeprtectrelcenetmnatgaeegneotfofaallnagradvlasalplsogertaetllepmsupbenloitcraaetniodpnauslgbeavlliecsnpalotoriweoepnrus(b~li2inc1a%2ti,o0Fn1is1giu.nre2011)1..There was a sudden
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