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Abstract
In some applications such as electric vehicles, electric motors should operate in a wide torque and speed ranges. An efficiency map is the contour plot of the maximum efficiency of an electric machine in torque-speed plane. It is used to provide an overview on the performance of an electric machine when operates in different operating points. The electric machine losses in different torque and speed operating points play a prominent role in the efficiency of the machines. In this paper, an overview about the change of various loss components in torque-speed envelope of the electric machines is rendered to show the role and significance of each loss component in a wide range of torque and speeds. The research gaps and future research subjects based on the conducted review are reported. The role and possibility of the utilization of the computational intelligence-based modeling of the losses in improvement of the loss estimation is discussed.
Highlights
In some applications such as electric vehicles, electric motors should operate in a wide torque and speed ranges
permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) are the main part of the propulsion system of the commercialized electric vehicle (EV) whereas some models of Tesla electric car such as Tesla Roadster benefit from the low-cost induction machine in its propulsion system [15]
The results presented in [89] shows the semiconductor loss in field weakening region is much larger than the conductive losses and at least half of the core losses
Summary
In some applications such as electric vehicles, electric motors should operate in a wide torque and speed ranges. IEC has a similar categorization for determination of the single speed motors efficiency which are known as IE1, IE2, IE3, and IE4 [1] Those machines designed for light and heavy electric and hybrid electric vehicles, which should offer a high efficiency over a wide range of torque and speed, are subject to no efficiency regulation [4]. The machine design study for electric and hybrid electric vehicles commonly involves efficiency maps (EMs), which are contour plots of maximum efficiency as a function of torque (or power) versus speed [5,6,7]. These maps define the torque/power capability envelope of the machine.
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