Abstract

Abstract Brain oligodendrocytes have been shown to be particularly affected by hypoxia and mitochondrial insufficiency. To model their effects on human brain development, we exposed developing human iPSC derived cerebral organoids to rotenone, a mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) inhibitor. A short-term, 3-day, rotenone exposure depleted proliferating (Ki67+) organoid neural progenitor cells (NPC) while increasing distances between the residual NPC. Rotenone treatment also depleted the population of O4+ oligodendrocytes and a similar trend was observed with the double stained Ki67+/O4+ oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC). When allowed an additional 10-days post- rotenone recovery time, the organoids showed spontaneous partial restoration of the O4+ population. This regeneration was significantly enhanced by treatment with phenylbutyrate (PB) known to stimulate acetyl-CoA and energy production from glucose by increasing activity of the mitochondrial Pyruvate Dehydrogenase. Specifically, PB stimulated the OPC numbers and increased the O4+ oligodendrocyte population depleted by 3-day Rotenone but it did not affect the Ki67+ NPC population. A longer, 6-day rotenone exposure lead to an extensive loss of NPC, OPC and O4+ oligodendrocytes. Neither the spontaneous nor PB-induced recoveries of NPC, OPC and O4+ oligodendrocytes were noted. In summary, following a transient oxidative insult, the oligodendrocyte population is capable of significant spontaneous regeneration and PB may be used to enhance the recovery. The cerebral organoids provide an effective model for studying human brain developmental oligodendrogenesis, its disruption by oxidative stress and for development of new corrective therapies.

Highlights

  • The efficiency and speed of neuronal signal transmission in CNS these signals is largely reliant upon myelin

  • We found that after transient oxidative insult, the depleted oligodendrocyte population is capable of significant spontaneous regeneration and that Phenylvutyrate which stimulates acetyl-CoA and energy production from glucose enhance the recovery

  • Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived neural stem cells subjected to daily rotenone exposures upregulated their transcription factor Nrf2 that regulates the Antioxidant-Response-Element-driven cellular defense activated by oxidative stress [46]

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Summary

Introduction

The efficiency and speed of neuronal signal transmission in CNS these signals is largely reliant upon myelin. Within the CNS, myelin is formed by oligodendrocytes [1,2,3]. The OPC are generated from multipotent NSC lining the CNS ventricles. The life of Oligodendrocytes has four distinct phases. The first is the birth, migration, and proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC), followed by morphological differentiation in the second phase in which the oligodendrocytes establish an expansive network of processes. Axonal contact leads to ensheathment and generation of compact myelin around target axons, and in the last phase mature oligodendrocytes provide long-term trophic and metabolic support of the encased axon [2]

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