Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are able to migrate to tumors, where they promote tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis. However, the molecular phenotype of the recruited MSCs at the tumor microenvironment and the genetic programs underlying their role in cancer progression remains largely unknown. By using a three-dimensional rotary wall vessel coculture system in which human MSCs were grown alone or in close contact with LNCaP, C4-2 or PC3 prostate cancer cell lines, we established in vitro matched pairs of normal and cancer-associated MSC derivatives to study the stromal response of MSCs to prostate cancer. We observed that prostate cancer-associated MSCs acquired a higher potential for adipogenic differentiation and exhibited a stronger ability to promote prostate cancer cell migration and invasion compared with normal MSCs both in vitro and in experimental animal models. The enhanced adipogenesis and the pro-metastatic properties were conferred by the high levels of IL-6 secretion by cancer-associated MSCs and were reversible by functionally inhibiting of IL-6. We also found that IL-6 is a direct target gene for the let-7 microRNA, which was downregulated in cancer-associated MSCs. The overexpression of let-7 via the transfection of let-7 precursors decreased IL-6 expression and repressed the adipogenic potential and metastasis-promoting activity of cancer-associated MSCs, which was consistent with the inhibition of IL-6 3′UTR luciferase activity. Conversely, the treatment of normal MSCs with let-7 inhibitors resulted in effects similar to those seen with IL-6. Taken together, our data demonstrated that MSCs co-evolve with prostate cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment, and the downregulation of let-7 by cancer-associated MSCs upregulates IL-6 expression. This upregulation triggers adipogenesis and facilitates prostate cancer progression. These findings not only provide key insights into the molecular basis of tumor-stroma interactions but also pave the way for new treatments for metastatic prostate cancer.
Highlights
Bone is the second most common site of human cancer metastasis [1], and contributes directly to prostate cancer mortality and morbidity, with more than 85% of patients who die from prostate cancer have bone metastases [2,3]
In agreement with several previous reports that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess intrinsic preferential migratory ability to some epithelial tumors, we demonstrated the migration capacity of human bone marrowderived MSCs toward prostate cancer cells but not normal prostate epithelial cells in an in vitro coculture cell model (Fig. 1A)
We showed that bone marrow-derived MSCs were able to form homotypic spheroids or heterotypic tumoroids with different prostate cancer cell lines, and these cells are able to maintain their multipotent differentiation potential under dynamic rotary wall vessel (RWV) culture conditions
Summary
Bone is the second most common site of human cancer metastasis [1], and contributes directly to prostate cancer mortality and morbidity, with more than 85% of patients who die from prostate cancer have bone metastases [2,3]. It is critical that a solid understanding of the pathophysiology of the prostate cancer skeletal metastatic process is developed to provide the basis for creating strategies to prevent or diminish their occurrence and associated complications. Most host cells in the stroma possess certain tumor-suppressing abilities, the progression of carcinomas to high-grade malignancies is accompanied by profound histological changes in the tumor-associated stroma. These changes include stromal cell phenotypic switching, extracellular matrix remodeling and angiogenesis induction [8,9]. During the prostate cancer invasion process, for example, cancer epithelial cells have the capacity to promote the so-called ‘‘reactive’’ stroma response via the transdifferentiation of normal fibroblasts to the reactive myofibroblast phenotype. The intricate intercellular communication between epithelial and stromal elements suggests the importance of epigenetic pathways in the facilitation of prostate cancer progression rather than a direct process attributed to cancer cells alone
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