Loss of fine-scale surface texture in Viking orbiter inages and implications for the inferred distribution of Debris Mantles

Abstract

The absence of fine-scale surface features in Viking Orbiter images must be interpreted with caution. A reduction in contrast due to the presence of atmospheric haze will preferentially obscure small features. Two sets of images of the same region, taken with similar viewing geometry but under different atmospheric conditions, allow us to demonstrate that a single scattering model quantitatively accounts for the effects of the atmosphere. Craters five to seven times the size of the camera picture element should be resolved in Viking Orbiter images if the atmosphere is clear. When atmospheric haze effects dominate, larger craters are obscured and crater size-frequency distributions appear to be depleted in small-sized craters in a predictable way. Twelve crater size-frequency counts in the northern hemisphere behave in the manner predicted for hazy conditions. Their characteristics also follow the pattern of increasing atmospheric opacity with latitude in spring and summer deduced from other measurements of cloudiness. Loss of surface resolution due to the nearly ubiquitous atmospheric obscuration in the northern mid to high latitudes makes it difficult to assesst, with existing images, the validity of suggestions that fine-scale surface features have been preferentially degraded by surface processes. However, the atmosphere in the southern mid and high latitudes is relatively clear during autumn and winter, and a preliminary review of existing image data suggests that features with sizes down to five to seven picture elements can be detected in this region. No evidence for a recent circumpolar debris mantle can be found in the southern hemisphere data. Because the smallest craters that can be resolved in Viking images are several tens of meters in diameter, we cannot rule out the occurrence of debris deposits less than a few tens of meters thick, regardless of atmospheric clarity.