Abstract
LoRaWAN is a Low-Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology designed for Internet of Things (IoT) deployments; this paper presents experiences from deploying a city-scale LoRaWAN network across Southampton, UK. This network was deployed to support an installation of air quality monitors and to explore the capabilities of LoRaWAN. This deployment uses a mixture of commercial off-the-shelf gateways and custom gateways. These gateway locations were chosen based on network access, site permission and accessibility, and are not necessarily the best locations theoretically. Over 135,000 messages have been transmitted by the twenty devices analysed. Over the course of the complete deployment, % of the messages were successfully received by the data server. Of the messages that were received, 99% were received within 10 of transmission. We conclude that LoRaWAN is an applicable communication technology for city-scale air quality monitoring and other smart city applications.
Highlights
Smart city Internet of Things (IoT) deployments are driving innovations and research in long range low power wireless communication networks
Raspberry Pi gateways using the iC880A has required the development of a new Printed Circuit Board (PCB) which has been made freely available to the community [45]
This PCB has additional features which provide the required hardware for the operation of class B LoRaWAN devices
Summary
Smart city IoT deployments are driving innovations and research in long range low power wireless communication networks. Despite NB-IoT using licensed frequencies compared to LoRaWAN and Sigfox which use the license free Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band, all technologies have the same problem that the frequencies available in each region differ This regulatory complexity creates additional challenges when moving devices internationally. Timed Difference of Arrival (TDOA) and Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) for multilateration of transmissions. This enables devices without Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers to provide location aware data streams. This fine grained time stamp is not available on all gateway nodes because of the specific hardware requirements needed to record the message arrival with the required accuracy This data can be fed into the LoRa Cloud location service [22]. The rapid development of the network stack means that once an area has gateway coverage additional features can be added through upgrades to the network stack
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