LoRaWAN-based IoT protocol for three levels central protection scheme in MT-HVDC networks with ANFIS-PSO restoration algorithm

Abstract

A new three-level adaptive central protection scheme has been introduced for multi-terminal high voltage direct current (MT-HVDC) transmission grids. The primary protection is based on a differential relay, while two backup protection levels are proposed: a local dv/dt under-voltage relay and a centralized overcurrent relay at the AC grid side. The coordination of these three protection levels is managed based on a convenient coordination time. The communication between the central protection unit and the Fault Isolation Devices (FIDs) is established using the LoRaWAN-based Internet of Things (IoT) protocol. In case of fault clearance triggered by the third protection level, the faulty line is detected and isolated using the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) algorithm. The restoration process of the healthy lines focuses on minimizing load shedding and line power loss. The protection scheme proposed in this article has been implemented and tested under various fault conditions using the MATLAB/Simulink® environment. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed protection scheme in detecting and isolating faulty lines in MT-HVDC transmission grids, along with a rapid restoration technique.