Loop-Free Enhanced Intersection-Based Perimeter Geo-Routing with Carry-and-Forward for Urban VANETs

Abstract

Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) supports traffic management, road-safety and comfort applications for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs). Lack of an infrastructure and fast movements of vehicles in VANETs, especially the shadowing effects of buildings in urban VANETs, require the vehicles to act both as a terminal and/or a router to be able to forward the data packets through an urban VANET towards the destination. For this purpose, routing protocols should help to maintain the QoS requirements of ITS. The scalability of geo-routing protocols makes them suitable for urban VANETs. Although, several geo-routing protocols have been proposed, there are still shortcomings, which need to be eliminated to have geo-routing at its best. In this paper, EIPG2 is proposed for urban VANETs, which employs a new preferential unrestricted greedy forwarding and applies a new preferential intersection-based perimeter forwarding based on the intersection-based perimeter forwarding in our previous work, i.e., EIPG. EIPG2 also adopts the Cross-Link Detection (CLD) from GeoCross. Moreover, EIPG2 takes advantage of new Loop Detection (LD) and Carry-and-Forward (CaF) approaches to show a significant improvement in comparison to EIPG, in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), end-to-end delay, and network overhead.