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Abstract
The detrimental implications of tobacco smoke on systemic health have been widely established during the past few decades. Nonetheless, increasing evidence has begun to shed more light on the serious impact that smoke exposure could also have on mammal reproductive health in terms of overall ovarian dysfunction and gestation. A variety of these complications seem to be causally related to specific chemical substances contained in cigarette smoke and their possible effects on ovarian tissues and cells, such as granulosa cells. Granulosa cells represent the functional unit of the ovary and are able to establish a bidirectional cross-talk relationship with the oocyte during folliculogenesis, which makes them vital for its correct growth and development. Based on these premises, the current review focuses on the presence of related smoke-induced damages in granulosa cells. Data have been grouped according to the studied tobacco constituents and the molecular pathways involved, in order to synthesize their impact on granulosa cells and fertility. Attention is further brought to the correlation between electronic cigarettes and female reproduction, although there have been no investigations so far regarding e-cigarette-related granulosa cell exposure. We summarize how tobacco constituents are able to cause alterations in the “life” of granulosa cells, ranging from luteal steroidogenesis and follicular loss to granulosa cell apoptosis and activation of the autophagic machinery. Further studies have been conducted to elucidate the relationship between lifestyle and fertility as to reduce the morbidity connected with infertility.
Highlights
Cigarette smoke remains to this day a global health issue, being known to increase the incidence of a series of highly impacting diseases, such as coronary heart disease, stroke, and lung cancer [1]for both male and female populations all around the world
In this review of the literature, we reported cells to cigarette smoke, based on the description of how smoking and tobacco constituents are able to several data of serious biological and clinical implications that can originate from exposure of female exert noxious effects on the activity of mammal granulosa cells
Granulosa cells are the reproductive cells to cigarette smoke, based on the description of how smoking and tobacco functional unit of the ovary, playing a pivotal role in the regulation of ovarian reproductive health by a constituents are able to exert noxious effects on the activity of mammal granulosa cells
Summary
Cigarette smoke remains to this day a global health issue, being known to increase the incidence of a series of highly impacting diseases, such as coronary heart disease, stroke, and lung cancer [1]. In the current review attention will be primarily payed to heavy metal cadmium, alkaloids such as nicotine, cotinine and anabasine, and benzoapyrene, considering existing literature following our targeted search, which indicates a significant correlation between these smoke components and mammal granulosa or cumulus cells. These constituents have been widely explored for their influence on reproduction and fertility complications. The mainonobjective of thissmoke reviewiswould to regroup and organize already scientific information on how cigarette smoke is able to exert a series of detrimental effects on granulosa cells in mammals, a fundamental, to oocyte development, type of reproductive cell. This kind of impact could be analyzed through cellular exposure to tobacco-contained components, such as cadmium, single alkaloids or mixtures of them, and representatives of the PAH family, or even in terms of granulosa cell apoptosis and activation of autophagy-mediated pathways
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