Abstract
Bushmeat hunting is extensive in west and central Africa as both a means for subsistence and for commercial gain. Commercial hunting represents one of the primary threats to wildlife in the region, and confounding factors have made it challenging to examine how external factors influence the commercial bushmeat trade. Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea is a small island with large tracts of intact forest that support sizeable populations of commercially valuable vertebrates, especially endemic primates. The island also has a low human population and has experienced dramatic economic growth and rapid development since the mid-1990’s. From October 1997 – September 2010, we monitored the largest bushmeat market on Bioko in Malabo, recording over 197,000 carcasses for sale. We used these data to analyze the dynamics of the market in relation to political events, environmental legislation, and rapid economic growth. Our findings suggest that bushmeat hunting and availability increased in parallel with the growth of Equatorial Guinea’s GDP and disposable income of its citizens. During this 13-year study, the predominant mode of capture shifted from trapping to shotguns. Consequently, carcass volume and rates of taxa typically captured with shotguns increased significantly, most notably including intensified hunting of Bioko's unique and endangered monkey fauna. Attempts to limit bushmeat sales, including a 2007 ban on primate hunting and trade, were only transiently effective. The hunting ban was not enforced, and was quickly followed by a marked increase in bushmeat hunting compared to hunting rates prior to the ban. Our results emphasize the negative impact that rapid development and unenforced legislation have had on Bioko’s wildlife, and demonstrate the need for strong governmental support if conservation strategies are to be successful at preventing extinctions of tropical wildlife.
Highlights
The harvesting of bushmeat for human consumption is common throughout the developing world as a means for people to meet many of their dietary and livelihood needs [1,2,3], and subsistence bushmeat hunting is prevalent in western and central Africa [4, 5]
In many parts of the African moist forest zone, bushmeat hunting has evolved from a subsistence practice to an unsustainable, commercialized business [6,7,8] driven by increasing access to firearms, a lack of alternative protein sources, widespread industrial logging leading to increased infrastructure development and greater access to remote forests, and a quickly growing urban human population that fuels increased demand [9,10,11]
Bushmeat hunting is considered among the most significant threats to the conservation of biological diversity in the tropics [8,9,10, 14, 15], in western and central Africa where increased hunting pressure resulting from commercialization has contributed to the local extirpation of many rainforest mammal species [10, 15,16,17,18,19,20]
Summary
The harvesting of bushmeat for human consumption is common throughout the developing world as a means for people to meet many of their dietary and livelihood needs [1,2,3], and subsistence bushmeat hunting is prevalent in western and central Africa [4, 5]. In many parts of the African moist forest zone, bushmeat hunting has evolved from a subsistence practice to an unsustainable, commercialized business [6,7,8] driven by increasing access to firearms, a lack of alternative protein sources, widespread industrial logging leading to increased infrastructure development and greater access to remote forests, and a quickly growing urban human population that fuels increased demand [9,10,11]. Widespread bushmeat hunting represents a serious threat to human populations. The transmission of zoonotic pathogens via human contact with infected bushmeat [21, 22], as well as the decline and/or loss of a cheap and readily available protein source [23, 24], both represent major public health concerns with long-term ramifications
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