Abstract
BackgroundThe research on the psychological consequences of World War II (WWII) trauma has predominantly focused on concentration camp and Holocaust survivors. Only a few studies have been undertaken among civilian survivors of WWII.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to examine the association between perceived social acknowledgment of WWII trauma and the level of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms among Polish survivors of WWII by employing a mixed-methods design (i.e., a quantitative analysis supported by qualitative interviews).MethodIn the quantitative part, 123 participants filled out: the list of WWII-related traumatic events, the PTSD Checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (PCL-5), the shortened version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), and the Social Acknowledgment Questionnaire (SAQ). In the qualitative part, an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) of participants’ reminiscences of WWII was examined.ResultsAlthough we observed a direct positive association between the number of WWII-related traumatic events and the intensity of PTSD and depressive symptoms, these relationships changed when we entered the social acknowledgment construct into the model. Specifically, we found that perceived social acknowledgment (general disapproval) was a mediator of the relationship between the number of WWII traumatic events and the intensity of PTSD symptoms only, and not of depressive symptoms. In the qualitative part, three themes relating to traumatic reminiscences emerged among the participants: parental efficacy, parental betrayal, and support from the invader.ConclusionOur study showed the significance of the general social acknowledgment in the long-term mental consequences of the WWII trauma in Poland. In addition, the results of our study may be an adjunct to the discussion on the long-term impact of WWII trauma in Poland and the factors that hindered its social recognition.
Highlights
The research on the psychological consequences of World War II (WWII) began in Europe in the middle of the 20th century and initially focused predominantly on concentration camp and Holocaust survivors (e.g., Bastiaans, 1957; Krystal, 1968)
Taking the afore-mentioned research gaps into consideration, the purpose of this study was to examine the association between the perceived social acknowledgment of WWII trauma and the level of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms among Polish survivors of WWII using a mixed-methods design
General disapproval positively correlated with the intensity of the PTSD and depressive symptoms
Summary
The research on the psychological consequences of World War II (WWII) began in Europe in the middle of the 20th century and initially focused predominantly on concentration camp and Holocaust survivors (e.g., Bastiaans, 1957; Krystal, 1968). Similar research programs carried out in Poland indicate a significantly higher PTSD levels among Polish survivors of WWII. During the communist regime in Poland after the end of WWII, many Poles experienced repression and insecurity, which precluded revealing WWII traumatic experiences to other people, but even recognizing themselves as war victims (Davies, 2005). The research on the psychological consequences of World War II (WWII) trauma has predominantly focused on concentration camp and Holocaust survivors. A few studies have been undertaken among civilian survivors of WWII
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