Long-term prognosis of pregnancies complicated by slow embryonic heart rates in the early first trimester.

Abstract

Slow embryonic heart rates at gestational age 7 weeks or less are associated with high risk of first trimester death. Our goal was to determine the prognosis for those embryos with slow early heart rates who survive the first trimester. We prospectively recorded embryonic heart rates for all obstetrical sonograms obtained on singleton pregnancies at or before 7.0 weeks' gestation since 1993. We collected information about pregnancy outcome, including date of live birth or in utero death and presence and nature of congenital anomalies. First trimester survival rate was 61.6% among 531 embryos with slow early heart rates (< 100 bpm at < or = 6.2 weeks, < 120 bpm at 6.3 to 7.0 weeks), lower than the survival rate of 91.5% among 1501 embryos with normal heart rates (p < 10(-8), Fisher's exact test). Among 299 pregnancies in which the early heart rate was slow and the fetus was still alive at the end of the first trimester, 277 (92.6%) resulted in liveborn infants without congenital anomalies, similar to the frequency of 95.1% in cases with normal early heart rates (p > 0.10, Fisher's exact test). Structural and chromosomal anomalies, however, occurred more than twice as frequently in cases with slow early heart rates: 5.4% (16 of 299) of the first trimester survivors with slow early heart rates proved to have anomalies, as compared to 2.4% (31 of 1281) of cases with normal early heart rates (p < 0.05, Fisher's exact test). In conclusion, a pregnancy in which the embryo has a slow heart rate at or before 7.0 weeks' gestation and which continues beyond the first trimester has a high likelihood (> 90%) of resulting in a liveborn neonate without congenital anomalies. Embryos with slow early heart rates do, however, have a greater risk of having anomalies than embryos with normal early heart rates.