Long-term, high-fat-sucrose diet alters rat femoral neck and vertebral morphology, bone mineral content, and mechanical properties

Abstract

Short-term exposure to diets high in fat and sucrose can induce hyperinsulinemia, affect calcium and magnesium metabolism, and alter bone mineralization and mechanical properties. The current study focused on the morphological and structural changes that result from long-term exposure to a high-fat sucrose (HFS) diet. Inbred, female Fischer 344 rats were assigned randomly to a low-fat, complex-carbohydrate (LFCC) diet group or a HFS diet for 24 months. At the end of the 2 years, each femoral neck (FN) was tested to failure in cantilever-bending, the sixth lumbar vertebra (L6) was tested in compression, and geometrical characteristics of the bones were determined. Although the HFS rats were significantly fatter and heavier than the LFCC rats, the HFS L6 had a significantly smaller average cross-sectional area. When L6 structural properties were normalised with respect to body mass, the HFS L6 had significantly lower loads, energies, and stiffnesses. The HFS L6 stress and strain energy density values were also significantly less than the LFCC L6. Compared to the LFCC FN, the HFS FN had a smaller cortical shell and larger trabecular core. The HFS FN also had significantly lower mass-normalised loads, energies, and stiffnesses. These results suggest that a long-term HFS diet has a significant adverse effect on rat bone morphology and mechanics.