Long-term effects of white-tailed deer overabundance, hybrid poplar genotype and planting stock type on tree growth and ecosystem services provision in bioenergy buffers

Abstract

Populus hybrids are increasingly planted in multifunctional bioenergy buffers bordering crop fields. However, such small agroforestry systems are vulnerable to damage caused by overabundant deer populations. We measured after 8 years the effects of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), genotype and planting stock type on tree growth and ecosystem services provision (biomass production; energy, nutrient and carbon storage; and phytoaccumulation of soil nitrate and phosphorus) in 15-m wide buffers located downslopes of hayfields in southern Québec (Canada). Two deer protection treatments (fenced and unfenced), two genotypes (P. deltoides × P. nigra, genotype D×N-3570 and P. maximowiczii × P. balsamifera, genotype M×B-915311) and two stock types (bare-root stocks: ±1.8 m in height and whips: 2.5 m in height) were studied. In unfenced plots, deer heavily browsed poplars (increase in the height of the first branch by 59 cm), repeatedly rubbed tree bark (36% of trees with rubs for genotype D×N-3570, and 59% for genotype M×B-915311), slightly decreased survival (by 2.9%), which reduced tree-level and stand-level productivity. Proportion of trees with rubs, first branch height and survival were correlated (p < 0.001) with woody biomass yields. Fenced poplars increased wood volume, biomass and energetic content by 20–21%, and C, N and P stocks in aboveground biomass by 13–20%. Higher soil phosphorus bioavailability was also found in unfenced plots. Genotype D×N-3570, which allocates less biomass to branches, grows its first branches farther from the ground and rapidly develops a rough and thick bark, was the least affected by deer, despite its high palatability. Genotype M×B-915311, which had higher biomass allocation to branches, a smooth and thin bark, but low palatability, was the most affected by deer. Soils in plots of genotype M×B-915311 had the lowest macronutrients availability, except for nitrate. Biomass feedstock quality (i.e. low nutrient concentrations and high heating value of woody biomass) was highest for genotype M×B-915311. In both fenced and unfenced plots, whips were more productive than bare-root stocks, especially for genotype D×N-3570. Optimizing ecosystem services provision in bioenergy buffers can be achieved by fencing, and by genotype and stock type selection.