Long-Term Effects of Dietary Modifications on Renal Outcomes in Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis

Abstract

This meta-analysis investigated the long-term efficacy of dietary modifications on renal outcomes in individuals with diabetes. We systematically reviewed six studies, focusing on the impact of specific dietary components, including protein and salt intake and the use of nutraceuticals such as ketoacids, across global settings, including Poland, Nigeria, Taiwan, Italy, Austria, and Japan. The studies varied in design, ranging from observational to randomized controlled trials. The sample sizes and study durations ranged from 28 to 6,213 participants and 28 days to 5 years. Our analysis revealed that dietary protein restriction generally stabilized and improved renal function. However, the response to protein restriction varied, suggesting the need for personalized dietary management strategies. Furthermore, reducing salt intake was consistently beneficial, aligning with its known effects on lowering blood pressure and reducing proteinuria. Nutraceuticals, especially ketoacids, showed their potential as supplements for renal diet management. These findings supported the integration of nutraceuticals into dietary plans to enhance renal outcomes without compromising nutritional status. Thus, our meta-analysis demonstrated the importance of tailored dietary interventions in managing renal outcomes in individuals with diabetes and suggested that personalized nutrition, which considers individual dietary needs and kidney disease stage, should be a fundamental component of comprehensive CKD management.