Abstract
Hedge bindweed (Calystegia sepium L.) is a widespread troublesome perennial weed species that has strong rhizome regenerative capacity. Four pot trials with randomised, complete block designs were conducted in 2015 to evaluate long-term control of hedge bindweed using individual, tank mixture, and sequential applications of selected herbicides. Two different formulations of N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine (glyphosate; isopropylamine, trimesium salts) were applied at 2000 g active ingredient (a.i.) ha−1. Additionally, two synthetic auxins were applied as 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (dicamba) at 500 g a.i. ha−1 and the dimethylamine salt of (2,4 dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) at 1000 g a.i. ha−1. Tank mixtures and sequential applications (12/24 h separation) of these different herbicides were also included. Long-term control of hedge bindweed, Calystegia sepium L., growth was evaluated 8 months after treatments, as comparisons of shoot and rhizome growth (biomass) between untreated and treated plants. There were no differences between the two formulations of glyphosate alone, with shoot and rhizome biomass reductions of 83% and 42%, respectively. Dicamba alone inhibited shoot and rhizome biomass by 86% and 67%, respectively. By itself, 2,4-D provided the greatest reductions in shoot and rhizome biomasses, 93% and 79%, respectively. Antagonism was seen in the tank mixtures of glyphosate and dicamba or 2,4-D. Tank mixtures were generally comparable to treatments of glyphosate alone, and were less effective compared to dicamba or 2,4-D alone. The greatest reduction of bindweed rhizome biomass was for sequential glyphosate trimesium salt followed by 2,4-D 12 h later, thus showing significantly greater efficacy over glyphosate isopropylamine salt (94% vs. 84%; p ≤ 0.05). These data for reductions of the growth of the rhizome biomass show that the sequential application of glyphosate followed by 2,4-D significantly improves long-term control of hedge bindweed.
Highlights
Hedge bindweed (Calystegia sepium L.) and field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.)(Convolvulaceae; morning glory) are two of the most troublesome perennial weeds in temperate regions [1,2]
This study shows that hedge bindweed can be effectively managed without glyphosate, as dicamba or 2,4-D applied alone provided greater efficacy against rhizome biomass compared to glyphosate alone
In treatments with the sequential application of glyphosate followed by dicamba or 2,4-D, further reductions in rhizome biomass were achieved
Summary
Hedge bindweed (Calystegia sepium L.) and field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.)(Convolvulaceae; morning glory) are two of the most troublesome perennial weeds in temperate regions [1,2]. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1184 appears to be associated with both the increasing areas that are under reduced tillage systems, and the related changes in the use of herbicides with different spectra of activities, which tend to promote late-germinating perennial weeds [7,8]. Both of these bindweed species can spread by means of vegetative (i.e., shoots, buds, rhizomes) or generative (i.e., seeds) reproduction [1]. Field and hedge bindweed are closely related species [11,12]
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