Abstract
The wars of 66–70, 115–17 and 132–5 CE were preceded by long-term conflicts: between the Jewish struggle for independence from Rome and Rome’s struggle to unify its fissiparous parts through its army and Hellenistic culture; between Judaism and pagan religions; between Jews and Greeks; between the status criteria of Jews and Romans. The clash of Jewish hopes and aims with Roman interests was more intense and violent than that of any other minority in the empire: in the broadest historical picture this was the single cause of the three wars. The short-term causes outlined earlier were, in effect, offshoots of wider conflicts of interests whose origin lay in religious-cultural differences and demographic changes in the empire.
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