Abstract
In the epidemiological literature, the impact of environmental pollution on cardiac mortality has been well documented. There is, however, a paucity of evidence on the impact of air pollution exposure on ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality among the Asian aged population. In response, this research seeks to investigate the degree of proximity between exposure to ambient PM2.5, household PM2.5, ground-level ozone (O3), and IHD mortality in the top seven Asian economies with the highest aging rates. This investigation is held in two phases. In the first phase, grey modeling is employed to assess the degree of proximity among the selected variables, and then rank them based on their estimated grey weights. In addition, a grey-based Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (G-TOPSIS) is adopted to identify the key influencing factor that intensifies IHD mortality across the selected Asian economies. According to the estimated results, South Korea was the most afflicted nation in terms of IHD mortality owing to ambient PM2.5 and ground-level O3 exposure, whereas among the studied nations India was the biggest contributor to raising IHD mortality due to household PM2.5 exposure. Further, the outcomes of G-TOPSIS highlighted that exposure to household PM2.5 is a key influencing risk factor for increased IHD mortality in these regions, outweighing all other air pollutants. In conclusion, this grey assessment may enable policymakers to target more vulnerable individuals based on scientific facts and promote regional environmental justice. Stronger emission regulations will also be required to mitigate the adverse health outcomes associated with air pollution exposure, particularly in regions with a higher elderly population.
Highlights
Environmental pollution is evolving as one of the most critical environmental challenges of the 21st century, and its consequences are becoming more visible with time
Information on ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality against each selected Asian country was extracted from the Global Burden of Disease study, harmonized by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), and is publicly accessible online [25]
The current study utilized the grey relational methodologies to assess the degree of proximity between exposure to household PM2.5, ground-level O3 exposure, exposure to ambient PM2.5, and IHD mortality for 2010–2019 in the selected regions (Japan, South Korea, Thailand, China, Sri Lanka, India, and Nepal) for the elderly populace
Summary
Environmental pollution is evolving as one of the most critical environmental challenges of the 21st century, and its consequences are becoming more visible with time. More than 5.5 million people expire prematurely each year as a consequence of diseases induced by inhaling contaminated air. It. Air Pollutants and CVD Mortality kills nearly six times as many people as malaria and nearly four times as many as HIV [2]. One of every 10 fatalities globally is linked to hazardous air pollutants and mitigating the impact of pollution could save about 13 million lives each year [3]. Air pollution is presently attributable to one-third of all fatalities from heart diseases, lung cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs). The WHO reports that almost 90% of the population in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) do not have access to clean air [2]. The problem appears to be even worse in developing nations, which are home to some of the world’s fastest growing metropolitan areas [4, 5]
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