Abstract

Long-lived states (LLS) and long-lived coherences (LLCs) are characterized by relaxation times significantly longer than those of longitudinal and transverse magnetization, T1 and T2, respectively. LLS extend the scope of several NMR experiments, such as diffusion measurements and chemical exchange spectroscopy, and are convenient transporters for enhanced nuclear polarization stemming from parahydrogen (PHIP) or unpaired electrons (DNP). LLCs yield narrow spectral lines and, in the same measure as LLS, can serve as probes for interactions or molecular motions. The experimental methods for accessing LLS and LLCs and their utility for biochemical applications are discussed. Keywords: long-lived states; singlet states; long-lived coherences; line narrowing; relaxation in NMR; dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP); magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); chemical exchange; metabolic reactions; protein folding/unfolding

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