Long‐life Heavy Metal Ions Sensor Based on Graphene Oxide‐anchored Conducting Polymer

Abstract

AbstractA long‐life electrochemical sensor for the continuous analysis of heavy metal ions (Zn(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II), and Hg(II)) was developed using the graphene oxide (GO) anchored‐functionalized polyterthiophene (poly[3′‐(2‐aminopyrimidyl)‐2,2′:5′,2′′‐terthiophene], polyPATT) composite. The PATT monomer was synthesized and polymerized with GO to form the composite using a potential cycling method, followed by Nafion coating. The modified sensor surface was characterized employing electrochemical and surface analysis methods. Experimental variables affecting the analytical performance were optimized. Interference effects of other metal ions having similar redox potentials were also investigated. The performance of chronocoulometry (CC) without predeposition was compared with the results of square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) with predeposition. The dynamic range of CC for the target ions were between 1 ppb and 10 ppm, respectively with the detection limits between 0.05 (±0.05) and 0.20 (±0.15) ppb for the CC method without predeposition, and between 0.08 (±0.05) and 0.30 (±0.12) ppb for the SWASV with 300 sec of deposition time (n=3). The reliability of the method was evaluated by continuously analysing environmental water samples using a single sensor probe in a flow system for 93 days.