Abstract

We sampled fishes on sandy beaches at 19 sites between 200-510 m altitude along two parallel headwater tributaries of the upper Amazon. We attempted to correlate longitudinal patterns of ichthyofaunal composition with environmental factors, and to determine altitudinal changes in alpha (within-site) diversity variables. Results of detrended correspondence analyses (DCA) and two-way indicator species analyses (TWINSPAN) suggested the presence of four assemblages of sandy beach fishes: upland clearwater, upland whitewater, lowland whitewater, and lowland blackwater. Fish assemblage patterns were apparently related to gradients of turbidity, substrate, and pH. Faunal turnover along the altitudinal gradient was about 87% in both rivers. Many species distributions apparently terminated in the foothills of the Andes at 250-300 m altitude where slopes declined to less than 1.0 m/km and rock substrates became negligible. Faunal turnover between the whitewater Aguarico River and a site only 2 km distant on a blackwater tributary was about 72%, suggesting a strong influence of whitewater-blackwater gradients on fish assemblage structure in lowland habitats. Species richness decreased significantly with increasing altitude, but diversity and evenness were not correlated with altitude. Colectamos muestras de peces en playas arenosas en 19 sitios entre 200 y 510 m de altitud a lo largo de dos tributarios paralelos en las cabeceras del alto Amazonas. Intentamos correlacionar los patrones longitudinales de composicion ictiofaunistica con factores ambientales y determinar cambios altitudinales en las variables de diversidad alfa (en-sitio). Resultados de 'detrended correspondence analyses (DCA)' y 'two-way indicator species analyses (TWINSPAN)' sugirieron la presencia de cuatro ensamblages de peces de playas arenosas: agua clara de tierra alta, agua blanca de tierra alta, agua blanca de tierra baja y agua negra de tierra baja. Los patrones ictiofaunisticos fueron aparentemente relacionados con gradientes de turbidez, substrato y pH. El cambio faunistico a lo largo de la gradiente altitudinal fue aproximadamente 87% en ambos rios. Muchas distribuciones especificas aparentemente terminaron al pie de los Andes a unos 250-300 m de altitud donde los declives disminuyeron a menos de 1.0 m/km y los substratos rocosos llegaron a ser insignificantes. El cambio faunistico entre el agua blanca del rio Aguarico y un sitio distante solo 2 km en un tributario de agua negra fue aproximadamente 72%, sugiriendo una fuerte influencia de las gradientes entre agua blanca y agua negra en la estructura de ensamblages de peces en los habitats de tierras bajas. La riqueza de especies decrecio signicativamente con creciente altitud, pero la diversidad y la equitabilidad no fueron correlacionados con altidud.

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